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York: Pantheon Book, 1987), Chapter 12.
24
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Elie Safa, L’ Emigration libanaise, preface du president Alfred Naccache (4)
(These, universite Saint - Joseph - Beyrouth, faculte de droit et des sciences
economiques, 1960).
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Le dix-huitieme siecle doit etre mis au Pantheon. Saint - Just.
pLJit ^ilXo] o _^LJl jJis- O j2i\ £-<J > jj d)l
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Louis-Antoine-Leon Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes de Saint- Just, 2 vols., (1)
•’elite de la revolution; I, avec une introd. et des notes par Charles Vellay (Paris:
E. l ast] nolle. 1908), vol. 11: Rapports cl ecrits divers (mai 1793 - thermidor an 11),
p. 514.
43
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1815 (Milan [n. pb.], 1958), p. 135, et R. S, Eckers, “The North-South Differential
in Italian Economic Development,” Journal of Economic History , vol. XXI (1961),
p. 290.
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d’ anthropologic de Paris , 3eme serie, vol. 11 (1888), p. 171.
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: 1801 aj^> Gazette de Moscou ^ ^bb o5be4 Jj-Lj .y? Ji\ jp
jL^w? dJJJb J <.aSL)J! (Jji J*j \Jy j^j-^ b'LL <•
j_g_lal L) L>- ^J wo Jb j-o 5j-bp a^oLLIj S jbp boLLl ^
aJ_^o (*aLJI (_$b!j .(_5 j_uJI J-o-*JI ^-jj-4 ^-LLLi ^ “j-^-Lj j-“*-b'
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^jib 1 — A...a,./?. ll iJLJl oLbJl ^tbvaj j aJjJjJ-l oU^o LAyy^y>
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/ 5> ( 1851 j»Ip L-xjj ^ <i JU p
Henri See, Esquisse dune histoire du regime agraire en Europe mix (5)
XVIlIe et XIXe siecles ([Paris: M. Giard, 1921]), p. 184, et Jerome Blum, Lord and
Peasant in Russia, from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.:
Princeton University Press, 1961), pp. 455-460.
56
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j jL SI 4jlf J> LdL-j. J* j^yi til-5 ‘ blbbJl ^Jkp Ji
J5 i=-L~» Jb_y; Lw> ^UJ ,y p\ 1918 J.U L5U_,L-_jSLij- ^ fiy* (6)
J±[* ^ jUi ^11 il— > oUlLil l+trf lOlai ^11 25 Jj>
ijJ ^ jljj U>S\ *X^>Jj t(Schwarzenbergs) (Schocnborns) djj^P
t (Kin sky s) iiiU ^ olai OJt Ca*~*j c(L.echtensteins)
Theodor Habich, Deutsche Latifundien: Berkht und Mahnung, 3. Aufl. \ j t il
(Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1947), pp. 27 ff.
Albert Goodwin, ed., The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century: (7)
Studies of the Nobilities of the Major European States in the Pre-Reform Era
(London: A. and C. Black, 1953), p. 52.
58
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y 3 (_|-p ojLijJl pLsuI *_y ^y o*)AyJl i ,i C ^
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j»Lp ill ^ 66 y« ‘uUl L*7/yj yJ! > — wslxll <y~_i c— I Jj
. w 1780 j*Lp i_dl 23 Jl (1700 ^Lp 5_dt 42 j) 1719
Lewis Bernstein Namier, 7S4#.- The Revolution of the Intellectuals (8)
(London: G. Cumberlege, [1944]), and Jaime Vicens Vives, Historia social y
economica tie Espaha y America, 4 vols. (Barcelona: Editorial Teide, [1957-1959]).
Stcn Carl Oscar Carlsson, Standssamhdlle Och Standspersoner , 1700- (9)
1865: Stiulier Rorande det Svenska Standssamhallets Upplosning (Lund: C. W. K.
Gleerup, [1949]).
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Agriculture ([London: The London School of Economics and Political Science,
1932]), p. 269.
Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland, Translated by (2)
George Lawrence and K. P. Mayer; Edited by J. P. Mayer (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1958), pp. 107 - 108.
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George Norman Clark, The Idea of the Industrial Revolution , Glasgow University
Publications; 95 (Glasgow: Jackson Son and Co, 1953),
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( A i UvLi-w I j-Lp^*3- d — i LS^ aJLl . up L- wyc? Il ^jb I t. "jl. i
r~W" > ' cJi - *-' 0 (j- 4 * L)_^-Lu~j ^.L>t_>V! i£ j* jl i A_d>-U t ^cLl Lc 11 (4)
^JJi ^laJi 2J ^loiJ ^U*>l Ji J^ ^ dilij ^4-^viLvJl
f-L«jJiJl JIjiLj ij j La \j+xS oLL^Jl ^5 p^pLJa_>“ ol j *. il oJL& aj o
. ^ •. ^ . ^ i-g- UjU tCjLiJjuLl ^9 jLtil <w^L^g| jlLa oUxjLolt oJjsj oJLS^ j .^-r l - , ^ : '
f~* Cr^J t^J-vsaJl *U3 oyi^l IjAj AaIuJ jl /^.o jU t ^ ji>-l iL>-U
jl Lo Lawbi ^1 ^J,j Ad>-LL-!
^uajII ^aj . jLo^JJ j^l a.> ji t--^L_uU ^c_&Uil ^ oLp j_s£> ^ il oj_& Jjlo
^ p-;l*jJl 4_J,J QjyCjlj JU- j i£^ jUtuNI j! Uiljl ‘UvwAj jUaJL
Wilhelm Wachsmuth, Europdischc Sittengeschichte : ^1 t ^
vom Ursprunge volksthumlicher Gestaltungen bis auf unsere Zeit (Leipzig: F. C. W.
Vogel, [n. d.]), vol. V, 1-2: /te Zeitalter des Kirchenstreits , 1839, p. 736.
83
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c^jUoJl 2»LJI oljJ-ill j\ 4 (r ^lpLL* <y c_jjUaJI
,J,M1 JjJiilj tJjJJl tjjUaJl iljSKl : 4(_rp>-ljJ2Jl
(_ 5 jLp^J| il jj>dl _^-*j <. A^J-xJl 4_^_?-jJl j-a LojJL L^aMI jaMI
LU Ml cJLko ^ (l 4 (1784) ol j Lr ~*~ r <cp j±\
t j jjJl tiJJS ^y> j-SMM j ig •-. " J \jb c-jIS ^jAJl ir°
o^ilj Ml i ijjU-^Jl sajMMI Jj^ ijjlijJl ol dllS
jUl Aj ^P j-Lp £-^jIa 1I (jjlll oljjd-P ^jS > — l)j 4 (_UjJI S^S, ; 1 ;
4 -JL^-xll tAjl^lA-STjA^M 1 AjJ_*Jl ^yo (j^Hl (Carnot) ^jjIS
caI jLSljMl i)\ (Jj-ill -jp-^Hl t_^S l<k-^ Mj c ijjlix-Jl oM *> U
1 g ...ai «^ . , /at 4 4^111 ujj^izJl jS y JAP 4 O-jIS <UplAbill ojjill 4-AlJl
IjI dll.) M y ) li^Lo-dUl 4 _p1a^/ 2J1 ^LiA-ooL) L^-jj
. 5 aJukjJI IaAjI jAj jt ^ ^luJl (jvoA^o I^jjSvj jl ^jc^plwill
^lll Lj llaj ^3 <ul>- 4>cd>l j illljl (AAulS A^wlll ( — jj^laJl 1)1 J-o
t 4 _o1Jlp)j (illll 4^ML>c^>4 4(l)l>jJl l^ 3 1) ^ (J“C*^ 4 (_^-*^~ll 1^-3 ^11
jjb 4j)Lv2AiMl I^aaJIj L y&\-i~\ ( *-SaJ1j ^-fr 3
Jb j all ll ^jUajjJl ( JpM (1)1 lo~S .“Uj^SU-I ( _ 5 ^"’Ml piA-frll
il*)A_4 1)^° ^ ■ a *> - (1)1 )1 ) *b^pl^)^Jl llSs-ill 4 4_l_(i_P ( — aC-~°M 4^-y-l A3
^aJ| jJ-p !j) jhxal^. 1 Ai Ij-lS 4_ijl>t_Jl 4jJL*Jl (_^j) ( _5-^lj'^l
jlawa jl Jt~§l M iy> ^IaStA-xI Oj ^>-Ia™ 11 _ j^Pjl^ll S)l)
A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, “Science and Industry in the Late (5)
Eighteenth Century,” The Economic History Review, 2nd Series, vol. XIII
(December 1960); Robert E. Schofield; “The Industrial Orientation of Science in
the Lunar Society of Birmingham,” Isis: vol. 47 (March 1956), and vol. 48
(December 1957), and “Membership of the Lunar Society of Birmingham ! "Annals
of Science, vol. 12, no. 2 (June 1956).
84
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Ul jJ. .i^U-l oMcUilj (1830-1760) "^*^>[1 jJl y" l e r^...r<l
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J •‘Polil L -~ J l J r < ^lj? ( y-'4>4_Jl^ C ^jl^il Jj-^l j-AJ t
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IjIjSJ i»4 jl j-i- . 1846 ^»UJlj 1795 ^»UJl ^ bpplwJl iilp^
t V_-AA*4>ti ^Aj^ai >-14 j .,4? I p_lilxj 'b/ Jill 0 I 4 OjJoJl IaLUj ^3 LajLp
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85
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ol (J j^Jl j-Lij u jjiSaIj (Voltaire) j-oJjj t_-Jl5\jlj ^5s>Al
t JlUI t yt-vitSl t — y SJ-pI-^^oj tots’
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^ *•
(3 Jl <j-L>- Jp- lyli jwXi-j Jj 4yiiaJl Jp 3 O-y^
^ j - 2 > 4 -^ > “ (_j>I t OoCaaajI 4 (Jbxii ^j-*-*~*-* J ^ A-v^bib-l
y]| SyLyiSl oJuJuJl CjIpL^sJI j 1 ! *LJl AP-lw? c^^lkyJl
^1 ^yddl (Jjbxll ^y i^O?OOvil <Uj._L*AI ^_La-vJ| ^7-y- 3 < *”'' / “ J ^'
oJl>-!j) o-jIS Lg-xSsJj> c o yi Jl dik ^y 4 b^Jl Uj oL/ ? .,tf, U j
ebbs* br yd* I 1850 ^»bp OobS* b*yj 4_k^j! y*
yb ^i j .L»Ld iwJbJl yJL-SM ^JdoO’ oik Jii 4 1750 ^*Ip a^o^
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y N ^uOjU j \ J,1 c5^'
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y> ojjLaJi jo c _y- oOjO y oi5 ck -
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86
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^J-SL) ji Lj j) ?(^m L>c^j jis\
_^p ^1 l ^j2j£^>i A-P-Lw^Jl (1)1 ^o lilJjT Oj ^-'Vl
a_^^U>jl>~'V I oXpULJI ol jLjlp^Ij UjJ>-I Us Ujj ^--g j->
J*>U» I jiL>Ut o-*li Ji cJl5 ipLs^ Sj iw^LoS/l
■ iy~y^ lII a^~i>cj i^jIS oU c^up jysUJi (i) jiii ^s o
(_*? t t . ' l. ■» /? - ! ^Uaaai! oULSUs yj 4 fil.y^/3 t- -tv g 1 JJ I *1
AJa^wj O-’ijSU^s ^Jj) c5^ > ' 4->~Ujj Ot ^--JaXvvo
<J>Lp Ju-oLxJl Lot ^ Lo Ju>- A-i_LSUJl aJlJlS
(7)"" *
. L^L^l 0wL>-! j> aJ^^ Ia
<_y jl-dJl ^y-i jjJl ^y oljtyp'V! b±a
l^_;3 -UpLoJ-l I ^jL/iJl jjCvK JbJ-l JJb .L^i-Lxj yjl 3 j" fl'l
y ojj^zj £^~dJl JL^ <_y J - ^yP-Ls-aJl j-dJl ^y SjlJUaJl (jlS^> U-y-
t »~j ci-oLS ^-l^J I o*Li ^JJil o'b! — 4j j^3j>~
oJ_fli Jl d->LJL5v^| o ^Sjj_i (JLo^pS/1 l)^>~j (l)tS * ^
slj jJl <=H j -AaJ .LaJ^j LJlkj y. (_^p 4 (_$ y-l iylj (j--> toljLxp'yi
l»Aj o j L^*3 ytS”^! Al ^jA oJp 0 i l . Il d jj . c- 1 1 . /? 1 i
^.yJl JjIjjI) ^udJL yy-^/l dj jJl o di-l ( _y>- LJlkjjj ^y ( xy M axJl
dii^j ^w_-> -Lol^dJl ojd-iJI - --’■ — L-_' ^ .,/j ' *y 1 c ... 1 1 ^ (7)
y ^l^j^/Lj oii^i -SjL>icJi -Ls-yyii ^^yjij c^^yji
^LyJJ ?t-~a j g Li.>. tJi i» : _>> Jlj~Jl jlSj tJI_p-Vl J5
^ — j j^J ^ jj— Jl •!« dl5 yp jilj dpUJ.|
Kenneth Berrill, “International Trade and the : 1 " ^U^l J> y^A\ ^^-Jl
Rate of Economic Growth,” The Economic History Review, vol. 12, no. 3
(1960), p. 358.
Walther G. Hoffmann, The Growth of Industrial Economies , Translated (8)
from the German by W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner ([Manchester, Eng.]:
Manchester University Press, [1958]), p. 68.
87
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with a Notice of its Early History in the East, and in all the Quarters of the Globe
(London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher and P. Jackson, [1835]), p. 431.
Peter Mathias, The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830 (17)
(Cambridge: University Press, 1959).
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G. Routledge and Sons, 1892), p. 158,
Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain ; with a (19)
Notice of its Early History in the East, and in all the Quarters of the Globe , p. 112.
Phyllis Deane, “Estimates of the British National Income,” The (20)
Economic History Review (April 1956) and (April 1957).
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Joseph Alois Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, Edited from (23)
Manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter (New York: Oxford University Press,
1954), pp. 570-571, and John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, Book
= IV, Chapter IV:
99
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John Wade, History oj the Middle and Working Classes', Samuel Jones (25)
Loyd, Reflections Suggested by a Perusal of Mr. J. Horsley Palmer’s Pamphlet: On
the Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market (London: P.
Richardson, 1837), and James Wilson, Fluctuations of Currency, Commerce and
Manufactures; Referable to the Corn Laws ([London: n. pb., 1840]).
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Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain; with a (27)
Notice of its Early History in the East, and in all the Quarters of the Globe , p. 441,
and Andrew Ure and Peter Lund Simmonds, The Cotton Manufacture of Great
Britain Investigated and Illustrated, 2 vols. (London: H. G. Bohn, 1861), pp. 390 ft.
George White, A Practical Treatise on Weaving, Intended as a Text (28)
Book for Manufacturers by Hand and Power Looms and Power Loom Engineers
(Glasgow: J. Niven, 1846), p. 272.
M. Blaug, “The Productivity of Capital in the Lancashire Cotton (29)
Industry during the Nineteenth Century,” The Economic History Review, vol. 13
(April 1961).
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Thomas Ellison, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain: Including a History (30)
of the Liverpool Cotton Market and of the Liverpool Cotton Brokers’ Association
(London: E. Wilson, 1886), p. 61
Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain: with a (31)
Notice of its Early History in the East, and in all the Quarters of the Globe , p. 356.
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Investigated and Illustrated, vol. 1, pp. 317 ff.
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lohn Harold Claphara, An Economic History of Modern Britain , 3 vols. (36)
(Cambridge: The University Press, 1926-38), pp. 427 ff; Mulhall, The Dictionary of
Statistics , p. 121 and 132, and Michael Robbins, The Railway Age (London:
Routledge and Paul, [1962]), pp. 30-31.
U-ujuU iSLJI i>> y y^~0 Jli' ^43' 3(5 <■ 1^48 f UJl J> (37)
Rondo Emmett Cameron, France and the Economic : j-i =-3 . 113Lk-j_H ‘ 1 rr~~- i j-*-1I
Development of Europe 1800-1914; Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War
(Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 196), p. 77.
110
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Mulhall, The Dictionary of Statistics, p. 497 and 501. (38)
Leland Hamilton Jenks, The Migration of British Capital to 1875 (New (39)
York and London: A. A. Knopf, 1927), p. 126.
jp o«L5UL y V ydl jS^ij ‘• ( *J=JL y£ jLLVl IAa Jl. jj (40)
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David Spring, “The English Landed Estate in the Age of Coal and (41)
Iron: 1830-1880,” The Journal of Economic History, vol. 1 1, no. 1 (1951).
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James Clegg, /I Chronological History of : Jb,\ . 1848j 1847 yUJI J-J
Bolton ([n, p.: n. pb., 1876]).
112
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. 1845 ^»Ip p^jd^ p 1833 ^»Ip
A lbert H. Iralah, “British Balance of Payments and Capital Export of (44)
1816-1913,” The Economic History Review, 2nd Series, vol. V (1952), p. 24.
113
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, (45) "i^JI
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John Francis, A History of the English Railway, Its Social Relations and (45)
Revelations, 1820-1845 (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1851),
vol. 2, p. 136; Henry Tuck, The Railway Shareholder’s Manual , 7th Ed. (London:
E. Wilson, 1846), Preface, and Thomas Tooke, A History of Prices and of the
State of the Circulation, from 1793 to 1837, vol. II, pp. 275 and 333-334.
. L-CJeU iSdJt J* J ~dS2'l y L<dl _yJ! i_b' y
114
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Jacques Godechot, La Grande nation: L’Expansion revolutionnaire de la France
dans le monde, 1789 - 1799, 2 vols., collection historique (Paris: Editions
montaigne, 1956), vol. 1, chapitre 1.
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regime: Propriete et cultures d’apres les compoi.x (Paris: Presses universitaires de
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L Emigration IranQaise au XIX sieclc," Etudes d’histoire moderne et
con tempo, -aine, vol. 1 (1947), p, 137, et Donald Greer, The Incidence of the
Emigration during the French Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1951).
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Nordwextdeutschland, 1790-1830, Gottinger Bausteine zur Geschichtswissenchaft;
Bd. 22 (Gottingen: Musterschmidt-Verlag, [1952]).
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Albert Sorel, L'Europe et la revolution frcmpaise , 8 vols. ([Paris: E. Plon, (11)
nourrit et cie, 1922-1927]), vol. 1, p. 66.
Considerations sur la France, chapitre IV. ( 12)
188
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Leften Stavros Stavrianos, “Antecedents to the Balkan Revolutions of (13)
the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Modern History, vol. 29, no. 4 (1957), p. 344.
189
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Gaston Bodart and Vernon Lyman Kellogg, Losses oj Life in Modern (14)
Wars; Austria-Hungary; France; Military Selection and Race Deterioration , Edited
by Harald Westergaard (Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: New York; H.
Milford, 1916), p. 133.
190
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Jaime Vicens Vives, Historia social y economica de Espana y America, 4 (15)
vols. (Barcelona: Editorial Teide, [1957-1959]), vol. IV, ii, p. 15.
191
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Geoffrey Bruun, Europe and the French Imperium, 1799-1814, The Rise (16)
of Modern Europe (New York; London: Harper and Brothers, 1938), p. 72.
JU-jJI jli idL^rJ! lays! 4 _ s all Ja CdlY j*UjSll o -L*> jl L-; (17)
= Jules Leverrier, La Naissance de'. jlaJl . b Xs> Jil 35131; IjJLS ^31
192
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t>
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id I ^y 8 Lojjj t joJ j\ ^y ol_iL/=>0M ^ id! ^y 2 0 } 31 5 "^Lli
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JoJL* ^j-P Cj JL i 4_J
CjL-Lo—xJI ijl r! 0/
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i-oL/O-sOll oLJ-kd.1 jl -Ui ,i*>LJ! <_y ^.oJ ! j oLJ-l ^y ^pLjLp'yi
.(_5-dl oXxj ijlil CU5 y jS l ioL/aXsOM 1 1 y>Aij iu yx\i
t j-Op Oj-d! ^v-oLi^-i t A—i^djldl^ Ajj^d! < ij^d-l oJl5
O-L^d idlil l^oil5 0! ^Xp- *tO o j-^P y>*-> ^J_P AjjJ-SsJl 4_lgJhlj
^UiJi 015 oi! .^dJl ^-1 jjl ^yi 14^515 Lc ^i5l ^jj^Uil
oJ^- ^51 -u5ldlj jJ^ilj ^-JIpI ^jJ! J^-Jd ^ i_j ^>0LJ idlil fLpVl
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Varmee natiortle, 1789-1794, collection "problemes" (Paris: Editions sociales
internationales, 1939), p. 139; Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, peuples et civilisations.
Histoire generale; XIV (Paris: F. Alcan, [1936]), p. 198 et 527; Lewis, A Social
History of the Navy, 1793-1815, p. 119, and Parliamentary Papers , vol. XVII
(1859), p. 15.
193
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La Situation economique de I’ltalie sous Napoleon ler, d’apres des documents inedits
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Growth and Fluctuation of the British Economy, 1790-1850: A 11 Historical,
Statistical, and Theoretical Study of Britain's Economic Development , 2 vols., with
the Assistance of Isaiah Frank (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953), pp. 646-649, and
Francois Crouzet, L’Economie britannique et le blocus continental, 1806-1813, 2
vols. (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1958), pp. 868 ff.
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Valachie, pour servir d Vhistoire politique europeenne (1813-1828), 3 vols., publiees
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Alfred Chlapowski, La Fayette et la Pologne, 1830-1834: Centenaire de (8)
la mort du general La Fayette celebre d la bibliotheque polonaise de Paris, le 28 mai
1934, [catalogue de l’exposition par M. Czeslaw Chowaniec; allocution de M.
Alfred de Chlapowski; conference de M. Felix Ponteil; textes de La Fayette]
(Paris: Bibliotheque polonaise; societe generale d’imprimerie et d’edition,1934).
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Ludwig Boerne, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. Ill, pp. 130-131. (1)
Clemens Lothar Wenzel Metternich - Winneburg, Memoirs of Prince (2)
Metternich , vol. Ill, p. 468.
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Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860: A History of (14)
the Continuing Settlement of the United States , Edited with a Foreword by Arthur
M. Schlesinger, Third Printing (Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University
Press, 1945), p. 147.
239
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240
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F. C. Mather, “The Government and the Chartists,” in: Asa Briggs, (16)
Chartist Studies (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1959).
242
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Parliamentary Papers , vol. XXXIV (1834). : ijl ( 17 )
1830 y JU_ol wjL^.1) 53 l y& oLL-^l
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244
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St. Kiniewicz, “La Pologne et l’ltalie a l’epoque du printemps des (19)
peoples,” dans: La Pologne an Xe congres international des sciences historiques a
Rome (Warszawa: [Panstw. Wydaw. Naukowe], 1955), p. 245.
246
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Irene Collins, The Government and the Newspaper Press in France, (23)
1814-1881, Oxford Historical Series; General Series (London: Oxford University
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Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Manchester: Manchester
University Press, 1959), pp. 171-172; V. Volguine, “Les Idees socialistes et
communistes dans les societes secretes,” Questions d’histoire, vol. II (1954), pp. 10-
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Georges Weill, Histoire de I’enseignement secondaire en France ( 1802- (2)
1920) (Paris: Payot, 1921), p. 72.
262
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Emile Louis Victor Laveleye, L’ Instruction clii peuple (Paris: Hachette et (3)
cie, 1872), p. 278.
Friedrich Paulsen, Gesehichte des Gelehrten Unterrichts auf den (4)
Deutschen und Schulen Universitdten vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zur
Gegenwart, 2 vols., Mit Besonderer Rucksicht auf den klassischen Unterricht, 2.,
Umgearb. und sehr Erweiterte Aufl. (Leipzig: Veit and Comp., 1896-1897), vol. 2,
p. 703, et Adeline Daumard, “Les Eleves de l’ecole polytechnique, 1815-1848,”
Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine , vol. 5 (1958).
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D. Conrad, “Die : j li il .c_JLh < aJl c Jjl*1I J_p i 1 _ s _1jJlJ 1 J_^s_LJl
Frequenzverhaltnisse der Universitaten der Hauptsach Lichsten Kulturlander,”
Jahrbiicher Fur Nationalokonomie und Statistik, vol. LVI (1895), pp. 376 ff.
.. — jUSCII Id* yi ^waliLl ^J^jill ^JLI (5)
= Louis Liard, L'Enseignement superieur en France : 1789-1889, 2 vols. (6)
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^jjUJl Juu La— 3 OjJ-a i_r^') ( Croatian Gazette) a— ; lj ji3l
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a—x5UI 3JLp jl oJ*>L!l jl j-a ppjll (J-e-j t ±Sl-L;T a— a— j oUJ L^J
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(Paris: A. Colin, 1888-1894), pp. 11 ff.
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Paulsen, . 5 jjw 2_> y^jJl oJL*> c^_x^jj1j ^iJli^/1 ^JtJJLt Ljlil
Geschichte des Gelehrten Unterrichts auf den Deutschen und Scliulen Universilaten
vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zur Gegemvart , vol. 2, pp. 690-691.
Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, Hrsg. von dr. J. Conrad [et (8)
a!.], 2. Ganzlich Umgearb. Aufl. (Jena: G. Fischer, 1898-1901), Art. Buchhandel.
Laveleye, L Instruction du peuple, p. 264. (9)
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Wilhelm Wachsmuth, Europaische Sittengeschichte vom Ursprunge (10)
Volksthiimlicher Gestaltungen bis auf Unsere Zeit (Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, [s.
d.]), vol. V, 1-2: Das Zeitalter des Kirchenstreits, 1839, pp. 807-808.
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: JUI 40y.bG 10 Jl (1770 fU) ^ OyfL. 6 ja J^UJ.1 jLjJI Jp ^btbbO
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Alexandre Chabert, Essai sur les mouvements des prix et des revenus en (12)
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depression de Veconomie franpaise au milieu du XIXe siecle, 1846-1851, bibliotheque
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British Rule, from the Rise of the British Power in 1757 to the Accession of Queen
Victoria in 1837 , Trubner’s Oriental Series (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner
and co, [1916]), p. 88.
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Romesh Chunder Dutt, India in the Victorian Age ([n. p.]: Kegan Paul, (26)
1904), pp. 56-57.
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Banaras Region,” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 19 (1960), pp. 418-431.
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Sulekh Chandra Gupta, “Land Market in the North Western Provinces (28)
(Uttar Pradesh) in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Indian Economic
Review, vol. IV, no. 2 (August 1958).
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Agriculture and Rural Economy oj France, Belgium, Holland and Switzerland
(London: J. Petheram, 1848), pp. 25-26.
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1961), p. 126.
Roger Picard, Le Romantisme social ([New York; Paris]: Brentano’s, (2)
[1944]), pt. 2, cap. 6.
317
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one Volume Edition, [10th Ed.] (London: T. F. Unwin, 1903), p. 108.
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c I d)l J»LJl (1)^5 Cj ^ oVl <3 J^ 2 - 1 c Lstful <1)1— L-Jk.1 1 j_ft> . j i>*l jJl
^IlxJl ^9 (_^j^ (J ^ia-wcl t LbLlaj Lg-3 L>_i
(10) t
Jerome Blum, “Transportation and Industry in Austria, 1815-1848,” The (8)
Journal of Modern History , vol. XV (1943), p. 27.
Michael G. Mulhall, The Dictionary of Statistics (London; New York: (9)
G. Routledge and Sons, 1892), Post Office.
ol c 1860 ^l^Jl JjL>tj <j L*J l od^ (10)
322
JL^- ^ I Jb (_gjJl ( j-*~>ejJl oa^l ^j/zJcb j/ <1)1 ciiJAS^ LJ-p j
L^*« jj j^/2^3 <JL^ldl ^xJl O j-*Jl 4>)Jj>- <1)1 ^3 l1LS> N J . aJ AS* j ++ Jl
4j>-Ll* (1834) ^*Lj 1 i-^jjl ^3 ci-i ^1^°
J_> j-Jl o JJ>- J-& *■ g ) L^-Loj <1)15* La <1)1 -to ^ llL*£ Js^I oli
{ j^> oL,«il a'i o^>c^v^l ^Ji (LJUajjjj L-o J Cx° ojLoLcJwl) £>j^Jl
J*}\ joo Jj ^a ^J_> 4 _pLv> 0 jjLS' ^ [ j-JjJ
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AjJu^Jl ooJl^JlJ o Jj>- J l iilSLU J^Jiil (Rowland Hill) J-a JuNjj
.(1841 fU Jb^Jl ^U* ^1 ^L oj>*J ^jll) 1839 ^ J>
LaJlflj Jj'yi jljlLJl <. I 3j& J^S (. ( J^/2S>- ^ j-^vJl J JaJi
Jjj» Jl ^j_p ^jjjjl c 1 840 j 1830 ^vaL*Jl o j^aJl * Lol^^j^ Cy 3
( j_o^Jl jl jiJi Jl c-jl ,/? j .U ^La 94 JJ 64 ( j_^ L~J J> ( j-a aJ^j
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. (,1) L~>- ^si jjuii
C OLflJl Jl ^a (, ^ ^^-o>tlJl <wolj_>- jl ^3 dL-a
& f- f. <* (.
jli <.ciL!i .OAjwXjL-I A^j^Jl Jgj ybj>- J^-a | L> L*_3^ JlS*I
^ai ^i>ij ^bdl j tjL^'yi t 3 j -2
( Jp- ip^j (jJjJo ^Jl 0 ^Jw2j^ ijpl jJlJl ^ Jl^Jlj (,4^JijJl 4^pLLl^i>'yi
ciJljuT c-JlS’ toJbjJ^I JLijJl oLjj^-j t f-lil
toJlS LoJT .^ypL .,/? ll cjL^U-s ij-^ 1 “^J
4j_w^j L^j-ygjj <. i — jU^pNI J.I (Jj i!L*i t <u~ij c-j>jJl
,4_Jj«Jl j\ a (jisLlilj u aj jJlj 4 JjAL| i y*j L> Jajjj l Jjiljlj
j-ojJl (Ills' La 0^1 ■ j^iSsJL L^J LoJ_« jlSCJl ~^}y> olSj
C ^LJI ( j-° oLj jJ! <J ^Lajjl ^ <UplX-v2jl L° ^lL>- jll ^9
e C-JlS ( _ s Jl 4 -JlAjOJ| f-j^ij olpl>cil Jju AjjjjJl Jj
Mulhall, Ibid.
(II)
323
I ji 2j>- jJ oLpUJ.1 o^jLS” blj .ob-p-^l c_— L p! ^3 LJl^-
Ja_>cjiJl d->! *bJLx*^L>) o jXa}\ dlL ^3 ^lL*Ji ^3
dJla Jl *JJU dJJi oli 4 ( 1 848-1 846 j 1 1817-1816
o^LiS' ^3 cJLi-l 4_*^Ja_> ^UJl (J,J 4 JJbJi ^3
. (l2) Sjb>llj
Nj . 0 Jlj 3 jUdl JiUk^u 4 ^JaJL 4 <2JWl i)\S
^3 ^w>-*!A^il cjl ^ 4^0 ^Sb .jjJpbiJ d^ bib t3^v2j
j\ 4 iSlJjT o I jjlb 4 Jbil t LjJLI jl L> ^j^IS
^1 (_£ j^Jl 3 j^j j^-*-3 ^T*-* J> Lyg-j I ijl
oj^Jbl jILp J,l Li ^JaJ bl LJ! j^s- . (l3) ii_ r JL« i_>- ji J,! oJlb
C-olS ^Lyg Jlj ^j^LJl is" ^j>- bl b-S'j^'y 4 *uib 0 j-la_} 4 _Lo2>Ij Aj>~ j3jil
j_>c_> 4 1850 j 1816 ^jy>j .^>^*>15" oj j ^3 > ^ j£-
^\,\ i*jjl <ub/?Sll (jijjj\ cJH^bj
abjl j .j*i Sb dlb £^-*>1 aA^-IjJI 0 j^>c^Jl o>l>- j*q ojIS L>Jwu
4 1 840 j 1780 <_ sL*_v?l 45*5^5 ^il*_U ViL*Jl ojL>*jJI
oJu* jjLJ jJj .1850 j 1780 <Jy> L*J1 { j^-> ebb*-*/?! ( j r a jJiS\j
aJLLJI j£)L*ilj 4 1^*1 J'S' L A^>-*)! C-^-^3 bl Ajk^>\ jHa o^b jJl
.(— ^IxSsil IJ-A i y^ f^3Ji}\ Jiali\ (12)
Pavel Alekseevich Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe Razvitie Rossii v XfX-XX (13)
Vekakh, 1800-1917 ([Moskva]: Gos. izd-vopolit. lit-ry, 1950), Table 19, pp. 482-483,
OJ j.~/3-> d>>Lx^wJkt j*&
Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia, from the Ninth to the : L^l_>I j X». ) 1
Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 287.
^sj a ^3 \j ^>-U {j* {ji yz&j ol IV (14)
3,400 jj>x-j 'uiL^Jl SjLpxJiJI j*_>*_>- ^J_> c 1 889 |»L*Jl • 1888j 1850 ^j’woLaJl
. 1840 o jyh* 600 {^° 4jjl*ALb ^
324
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.^*jb-l qa 4j C-^-l a.%
II
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jl .1830 j»UJl Jjij ^U^-jllj (^jlvaXiNl jJjJl ojjjuw J
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OJJ^OJ t oJi^l j l^Jw4 4j^>tJl CjL><LLJ| j*_>x3>- d oljj
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LLUJl (Oliver Evans) JjjjjJ jjJjl Li i £^»3>«jJl J a~>- LbL-ojj
oUL^Jl jj* C4^ J Jj OJI^J .(JiLJl pl^J-L
jl tij^AjLJl Ejjjl ^ t aEjuII loLf-lLvaJl L»w^ N j 1 aJL*- jUl
c->b>j'yi £ji j ^ ^ 1 *-^ jJ-l «-l^jl ^ j-«jlj La J iS’l
4 (_s A 1830 j 1815 (^^jLkJI aj>^\j}\ S jXaII c—115 j .jlSL«
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p . p p
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325
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ciJ'W 7-^'-’ £-*2> (J* ^ L (° 1830 ^UJI ^
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S j • ^ A 4 l_j2j>-jJ1 ^_p A_^-j ^dl cJl t oJ_)J_4|-l p^_cc_)
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il C -v 1 A-i^L^x-Jl djlS" ^_>tll 3 wLp *. — ap l . /? i uJiJ a_^uL^a^J1
IS ' 354 ^ : 1838 j 1830 Oy 1 ^' j* sJU^ il">U IpHk opljj
Lo J ,(il)Lv 2 A>- 1 aJl (jCi'ilj ojjjj) 712 (_|1 (j) h , /J > - t, — oil jUP Jj>- 1 ojJjj)
(laljjil (j;jJl <• jS -/gH .xUl dUS ^ ol5 l _ 5 u^ 1850 j»UJI ol
iuo L^cilb ^JlJ iS j£- aCoj'Ajj ja>t 2 t . ^g i ll Jly <_y »x^j
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i<Ji jJxj' 1 L<^2 ij .(1830 |»Ip aJ^p jlS L»_p >_iLw’l aj^Ij <oljjj (_§!)
j>Lp ISL^Ju ^3 I^j>-LJ.Ij ap-Ll*/’ (_^3 ‘L^ a L«^o a_«Lp cuLSj-U
iJ^ ‘C<4iLaJl 1841 ^>Ip cul 5 jJJl c,Xa cu^w’I 1 1830
t. — a . /?i
iJu A^-Liil oULJl jjcuJ j! ^^viJl ^^plj-i ^ 4j^r^ j
^xJl jlaJLJl j tL~w<cJlj tiJll'y! JjjJlj t L^j ji ^ Jl>«i!
Rondo Emmett Cameron, France and the Economic Development oj (15)
Europe 1800-1914; Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War (Princeton, N. J.:
Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 347.
326
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f. >
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61 tdi-l-L? JJllI ^ j .1840-1839 ^Lp ^jLwo^J ^
2 kll <Uj>- (ji
^3 1848 ^»Ip -Lxj Nl l-Lw> ^1 < ciS3.l
( /^o A~*3 1 ^Jl o t-J’-j.l ^ /h _\_3^ . L»^j j3 LSs^j>ti-> pL^XIL^Ij 4
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t> ^j4(1834) <LJN! o^>l../?->c-iJ jS < ^\yis>-\ <1)1 j*s> .LSCj^jI
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J_p 4_ll^jlJI cjIjL-p <J j l^I^Lv^j^-I ^^1 (_$4-^l ^,A,./?.il
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iSLJl jl. ^UJk j>i\ jl5 jbL! . (16) "j[^y\ 11^
o b-j!^b>-lj i\~ijjjj\ ^2 A_l—w4_lJl C^LpI - <o 1 1 4jJ_)^_kl
Sigfried Giedion, Mechanisation Takes Command, a Contribution to (16)
Anonymous History (New York; Oxford University Press, 1948), p, 152.
327
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(17)
1830 flp
, 4_j N I ajL,^J 1 jli , LjUaj^j Lo j^>sJ
** ^ p **
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. r^wLaJlj jv-^jil ApU-s47 ^y3 LSjoxXj ^y9 AjjljtJl
(_gl toJuJpLl a-^pL-s^-JI i~^<^ll oJl5 , l-j.jl LjUajj-) ^ JU-I jl5
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4_^_>- jJl AjjjjJl jsS- jjl , aJj>i 1I 4_L°L*J| (_£ jjjlJl ‘Lojtj’
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t (1846) ISL>tJj (_ySj ^ ^JiJl *-» Jk3 cjIJj jji Jlj
jl ^jJajiJl j jbjvJlj ij j-vaJl £_jIw 2_-° jJu.LJl il_Lp| (Jj_*_a oLS”
"^J^" ^yi Ja_*il jLS'j c'jLoLp 43 jl ,35 _,t 30 jjl
Cameron, Ibid., pp. 115 ff. (17)
Walther G. Hoffmann, The Growth of : j (.347 ^y> t-u—iJ : jis-il (18)
Industrial Economies , Translated from the German by W. O. Henderson and W.
H. Chaloner (Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.: Oceana Publications, 1958), p. 71.
328
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aIHiJI aJjIp c L-2 ^3
Hoffmann, Ibid., p. 48, and Mulhall, The Dictionary of Statistics, (19)
p. 377.
Jaroslav Purs, “The Industrial Revolution in the Czech Lands,” (20)
Historica, vol. 2 (1960), pp. 199-200.
Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe 1800-1914 ; (21)
Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War , p. 347, and Mulhall, Ibid., p. 377.
329
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(December 1959).
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Manchester in 1844: Its Present Condition and Future Prospects , Translated from
the French with Copious Notes by a Member of the Manchester Athenaeum
(London: Manchester, 1844).
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Jean Lambert Dansette, Jean Lambert Dansette. Origines et evolution (14)
d’une bourgeoisie . Quelques families du patronat textile de Lille-Armentieres, 1789-
1914. preface de Jacques Chastenet (Lille: E. Raoust et cie, 1954), p. 659.
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Berichte, Briefe , Schicksal und Abenteuer: Lebensdokumente vergangener
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Gerhard Schilfert, 5/eg »«</ Niederlage des Demokratischen Wahlrechts (17)
m der Deutschen Revolution 1848/1849 (Berlin: Rutten and Loening, [1952]), pp.
404-405.
Michael G. Mulhall, The Dictionary of Statistics (London; New York: (18)
G. Routledge and Sons, 1892), p. 259.
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Walter Rice Sharp, The French Civil Service: Bureaucracy in Transition (20)
(New York: Macmillan, 1931), pp. 15-16.
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Census of Great Britain 1851: Religious Worship in England and Wales, (21)
Abridged from the Official Report Made by H. Mann (London: G. Routledge and
Co, [1854]), p. 57.
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la premiere moitie du XIX siecle,” Bulletin de la societe d’histoire moderne,
douzieme serie, vol. II (1959).
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L Alger ie. It edition revisee par Louis Milliot (Bordeaux: Impr. biere; Paris:
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Louis Chevalier, Classes laborieuses el classes dangereuses a Paris (27)
pendant la premiere moitie da XIXe siecle , civilisations d hier et d aujourd hui
(Paris: Plon, 1958), vol. III.
A J iil I i j^-sLS(Jl AjJ~-j>\ cJU- (j-« "“jjj-j'" ^-1 ^-r 3 “ jlj' J~ 1 ''-~‘.
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D. Simon, “Master and Servant,” in: John Saville, ed.. Democracy and (28)
the Labour Movement; Essays in Honour of Dona Torr (London: Lawrence and
Wishart, 1954).
372
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(Paris: Payot, 1960), p. 248.
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Abzuhelfen (Berlin: [n. pb.], 1844), p. 16.
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nell’ordine naturale e civile (1790),” in: Arnaldo Cherubini, Dottrime e metodi
assistenziali dal 1789 al 1848 (Milano: Giuffre, 1958), p. 17.
377
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Eric John Hobsbawm, “The Machine Breakers,” Past and Present, vol. 1 (3)
(February 1952).
378
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Leisure Hour (1881).
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. Jil _>l cjI j it- j jJLi ill J 27 j t J»l jl obU. 4*^- 1 y./4
“Die Schnapspest im Ersten Drittel des Jahrhunderts, in. (6)
Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften , Hrsg. von dr. J. Conrad [et al.], 2.
Ganzlich Umgearb. Aufl. (Jena: G. Fischer, 1898-1901), Art. Trunksucht.
Jii oJG Jl iS y^l jjj -xjl Sbl-*- 1 J dJJi lJ ^ (7)
cJb-Jj Jl iisli. J Js- Jl dli J~a*d , I xij .ilxil y_Jl Jb-jll dr" Jl"
380
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Louis Chevalier, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses a Paris (8)
pendant la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle, civilisations d’hier et d’aujourd'hui
(Paris: Plon, 1958).
James Burn Russell, Public Health Administration in Glasgow: A (9)
Memorial Volume of the Writings of James Burn Russell, Edited by A. K.
Chalmers (Glasgow: J. Maclehose, [1903]), p. 3.
~ ef IjUl a* Alo'yi (_)fr JU-*Jl J ^xl! Jj ^lajl clS y* (10)
381
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LoXwP C JaJLs 1848 ^l*Jl l>uj ^ «~Aj\ Jlo_*Jl ^ Oj^lo
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^Jl SJkJ-l i)\ .^1? JoLdj 6jl>cJl A£ j£- AjJ^pI (_$AJi jj ycS\ ^y» oj_A j-^
Chevalier, Ibid.,:^liJl ,^yJ>j\\ J5 ojjL j^pLJ^I j-j iSj^-i
pp. 233-234.
1 Jjo U-j ^y~i ^y> LfcU \jl? L>j i j^AJl diJj ^J> Jl L^s j*j> ^ t LJl ( 1 1 )
Jjjl yrjj > -Ji f-IjSlI £-° ^ fLfcNl iLjis ioJlii j-i £- ih
^ J_ s guu (.oVl {Jl-^-1 j-* j *Xf>L> yS 1 ,i —
jJI (Annates d’ hygiene publique) 3>iUJI i>*_/aJI eLi\Jy>- y ( >y> 5, LJ.lj A-^jils
jJuJj tLjUajjj ^3 j!3j J-SjLp^ (.Oy-^j <.&\j5\-ij “■ <S^ ‘2UdS_5 1 1829 j»Lp L^-^l
.ua! j >-1
.^asai ijl» ^ j-ip jjiiii j-^aii (12)
382
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cii 4 JLiil (Jcr*" (J-* 1 4 ^Lj j £• j (_^i! jJj .^IcJl
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jlJo^j jji^icdlj iJjJaJl ^tkij t^jLSLJlj i (_g ji~y I
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l^ilS JUJ.I 11 a Ji [ijy> jsS I jl 433 Lai i JL ^ ^ j .SibJl
JsLojl ^3 *>LI ..J-3^1 (J'^-'-^J 4 L_Jaijj 4. L_J_*j’j t ojL^oj Jj'yi
cj? ^ ClLlLXj^/l ^£3 ) Ljj*j o^LJl kLJu ^9 el
idl ^ 81 £ jiSVl ^ jLill 3JLP tits' c 1848 r L 1 JU
4 driJ^ x ~^ J 4 ^tcJl JLp ^ 4iil 71 j jLStil ^LLl ^
(j-° aAI <_s J 46 j-^f- o^vaj L«c^j t t jj^ r >-'Sll 5 j-gi.1 (>JLJI j
. (13) ...qJ 1 tjjtdl ^ ^^UUJtj tilJoiJlj (.AjjjjJ-l iSLJlj ^JLaU
II
dili (3-Uajj J\ oJj^U >a 3 j^cJl otS"
^cJl a^pLwvsJI Lj jlccJ^^j_Jl Loww^ t ?-l ^JL&Jl ^o>-3L^\Jl ^ 1
Erich Neuss, Entstehung unci Entwicklung der Klasse der Besitzlosen (13)
Lohnarbiter in Halle, Sachsische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Leipzig.
Philologische-Historische Klasse. Abhandlungen; Bd. 51, Heft 1 (Berlin:
Akademie-Verlag, 1958), p. 283.
383
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J^-UJl ol 5 ^ Jj ia-jS'I aJUjJI olS ji-l jj-f^
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J^JLL^^o 4-OjjJl a jJajJl l-jI^-v’I O^Sj .^jJjliLi^Jl ^jU^JLs'^l
l " j l i . i ^A i 3 .^-jLjjLl *■ — *i-3 j^ll 1-^-kP ^J^l A_LaL*Jl ajlA^\
N ll hjkst \s-y^y> Ulil ^ JpUidl jUij/l ulS t jLt- ^hJl by&\
iLS” lit La-P JjL~J 4-oJ j LSj C ojjJULa 4_Pj-Ja_« jA-AJjl ( j-P J-AJ
i r a->.slS’j/l CjjlULl ^ o J^-J U aJ ly>l f-ljjJl j>*Jl <y> <_5j5v2jl
U ^ ^SbiJl cl^j jl tjvfljL^dl ^ oj^Ip (_$Ijj)
oilA JiLa jLiJol jlSj (LaJb£- Llj OjiLJl AuJl ^^JaP-l t-a-~J <■ L* j j^i
^jjl J-^LiJI ^j-Jl J-* ‘^M- 5 t ‘ u "' i
.frl ^iill JsL-ojI ^ AjLLjI l J^>
tijLij'il t ji i^JJi ( j^o l^.-ol oLi j-LaJl jl ( _ ? i Nj
C ^ySjVl jj^vJcUj jl ^jjjJl ^JJJ-Sr^ll JL»_>JI isl-xjl ^ jlj
JlJ| 4 ^JaJL t t ^^aj^JI a^jlw*JI LijLo^xii-l jba-p^
i iLs^Jl j»_^l^il cJl5j .AJl^-li y_)\ ^ Ij-’l-i' jl
Jurgen Kuczynski, Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter Unter dem (14)
Kapitalismus, 38 vols. (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1960-1972), vol. 8, pp. 109 ff; vol.
9, pp. 264 ff.
384
1 1847 1 1832 « 1817 1 1795 .1789 flyi'il J> JU-I ^ US
OjIjS Loj^>\^o dJJi ^ j-! ipUdl L^>s
c£^ J j-s 42^>J.I jlo J_*^3 .o j*k. s^Jl OliSsJl oIpIw? ^Lviljwo JjU
^ .^Lo-wJlj) ^J_p ^*-£oj)l d^>-v>ij ot$” 1 1813 ^>Lp
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^L^rl <jSi-!l £^i-l ^J-p ^J-p oLijJI ^jlp <oL»j
4 L^* u_^Lol 4-a-a-a> ^Jl 4j^L>tiL) y& L-o taj LlaIj L»
jISLaJI dJj ^Jajiil Jij . JL>- ajI ^Jjp LJLij>- Ip j_>- oLS* <uSl! j
. (18) U?lkJl Jp Lis' IjJ^jlpIj I (1847) jjU Jil yp Ui-jj Uojy
0 jjjlil t ia y>Ji 4 UjUdl U>-U^Jl y yJl ilobr ol j jUJ cJj ->- j
(J-P I 4-3 jj-Uji aUjJlj JU jJl jl5 yJl iJll'Vl JUi-l Ja„,<il jl
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5 j^ii \j UfUaJt ya jy>U alii- 0 Lp otpUil JjU- s^oLpI
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(Jp £j-iij ^jjUJI ji Lsiu jJj / ^JjjiJlj a^i-^ j- 4 L«>j-aji
R. John Rath, “The Habsburgs and the Great Depression in (15)
Lombardy-Venetia, 1814-1818,” Journal of Modern History, vol. 13 (1941), p. 31 1.
M. C. Muehlemann, “Les Prix des vivres et le mouvement de la (16)
population dans le canton de Berne 1782-1881,” dans: IV Congres international
d’hygiene (1883).
. v h£il Li* y 314-311 ^ t ^li!l J^JJ! J&\ (17)
F. J. Neumann, “Zur Lehre von den Lohngesetzen,” Jahrbiicher Fur (18)
Nationalokonomie und Statistik, Band 3, F. 4 (1892), pp. 374 ff.
Rudolf Scheer, Die Entwicklung der Annaberger Posamentenindustrie im (19)
19 Jahrhundert (n. p.: R. Scheer, 1909), pp. 27-28 and 33.
385
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Allen and Unwin, [1958]), p. 127.
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(1961), p. 567.
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Living, 1790-1850,’’ The Economic History Review , vol. 10, no. 1 (August 1957).
(>; 'hij^ jj4 4jl>- Jp JU Ji 1— ly J> yJJ s yi\ JU-1 j!
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Sidney Pollard, A History of Labour in Sheffield (Liverpool: Liverpool (22)
University Press, [I960]), pp. 62-63.
Ernest Labrousse, Aspects de la crise et de la depression de l economic (23)
franpaise au milieu du XIXe siecle, 1846-1851, bibliotheque de la revolution de
1848; t. 19, etudes sous la direction de E. Labrousse (La Roche-sur-yon: Impr.
centrale de l’ouest, 1956), p. 107.
The Report of the Statistical Committee Appointed by the Anti-Corn (24)
Law Conference, Held in London... March, 1842 (London. Charles Fox, [1842]),
p. 45.
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England,” The English Historical Review , vol. LXV, (1950), pp. 333 ff.
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F. Baker , First Lecture '. Jaj\ ."oLijUxil ^Uii i»liN Oa^Jlj S^pjJL l _j'^“j
on Co-Operation ([Bolton: n. pb., 1830]).
390
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Albert Edward Musson, “Ideology of Early Co-Operation in Lancashire (27)
and Cheshire,” Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society,
vol. LXVIII(1958), p. 120.
Alfred Williams, : aJU Jp ^bS3t IIa ^ yc£ Jj^ (28)
ed.. Folk-songs of the Upper Thames: With an Essay on Folk-song Activity in the
Upper Thames Neighbourhood ([n. p.]: Duckworth, 1923), p. 105.
391
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392
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1829 Oy>l*Jl yu j»_^a£ c~JL^- ^ ^Lvll ojus o ^>.j
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Asa Briggs, “The Language of Class in Early Nineteenth Century (29)
England, in: Asa Briggs and John Saville, eds.. Essays in Labour History
(London: Macmillan, 1960); Ernest Labrousse, Le Mouvement ouvrier et les
theories sociales en France au XIXe siecle, vol. Ill, pp. 168-169; E. Coornaert, “La
Pensee ouvriere et la conscience de classe en France 1830-1848,” in: Gino
Luzzatto, Studi in onore di Gino Luzzatto, 4 vols. (Milano: A. Giuffre, 1949-1950),
vol. 3, p. 28, and George Douglas Howard Cole, Attempts at General Union
(London: Macmillan, 1953), p. 161.
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Albert Soboul, Les Sans-culottes parisiens en I’Art II (Paris: Librairie (30)
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Seiner Politischen und Standischen Vertretung (Berlin: [n. pb.], 1847), p. 4, and
Kuczynski, Die Geschichte der Lage der Arheiter Unter dent Kapitalismus, vol. 9,
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Russlands, 3 vols- (Hannover: Hahn, 1847-1852), vol, 1, p. 388.
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John Spencer Trimingham, Islam in West Africa (Oxford: Clarendon (7)
Press, 1959), p. 30.
416
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Arthur Ramos, Las Culturas negras en el nuevo trtundo, seccion de obras (8)
de sociologia [del fondo de cultura economical I- Manuales introductorios,
Version espanola de Ernestina de Champourcin; glosario de voces por Jorge A.
Vivo (Mexico: Fondo de culture economica, [1943]), pp. 277 ff.
Willem Frederik Wertheim, Indonesian Society in Transition, a Study of (9)
Social Change (The Flague: W. van Hoeve, 1956), p. 204.
417
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Census of Great Britain 1851: Religious Worship in England and Wales, (11)
Abridged from the Official Report Made by H. Mann (London: G. Routledge and
Co, [1854]).
Michael G. Mulhall, The Dictionary of Statistics : ^ “Religion” . T li-ll (12)
(London; New York: G. Routledge and Sons, 1892).
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Victor Hugo, Oeuvres completes, vol. XIV, p. 17. (6)
Howard E. Hugo, The Romantic Reader (New York: Viking Press, (7)
[1957]), p. 58.
Novalis, Novalis Schriften (Jena: Eugcn Diederich, 1923), vol. Ill, pp. (8)
45-46.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of Fine Art, 4 vols. (9)
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Scientific Thought (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953), p. 286.
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August Franz Ludwig Maria Haxthausen-Abbenburg, Studien uber die (T)
Innern Zustdnde, das Volksleben und Insbedondere die Lcifidlichen Einvichtuiigeu
Russlands , 3 vols. (Hannover: Hahn, 1847-52), vol. I, pp. 156-157.
541
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Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London:
Macmillan and Co; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961), p. 2.
544
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Russia to the 1917 Revolution, Translated by L. M. Herman (New York:
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Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860: A Historv of (13)
the Continuing Settlement of the United States, Edited with a Foreword by Arthur
M. Schlesinger, Third Printing (Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University
Press, 1945), p. 252.
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Allen and Unwin, [1958]), Chapter V.
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1 — *■ — jl^J .jLSCa ^3 aaLt^li-l oJjLaiIj 4 l“°JJ <__y2
T. Kolokotrones, in: Lefien Stavros Stavrianos, “Antecedents to the (15)
Balkan Revolutions of the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Modem History , vol.
29, no. 4 (1957), p. 344.
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oU ^r)M jl^. LN j ^ ^.^Jl (j^UJ.1 Jl (1529) ^jJdl
jJ-^o jl Jp jJl .jrj jJJl
oI^LjiJIj AjtjJsi ^^p JiJl iLLjJl jps ( jy?*}LL|
j-® Ir'H (j*>Ui ^jyi lajL^ ^Jl pliJj Jpj 4 j-LJl Lj- |»jJi j ( _ ? J!
.4™ePll 4 J 3 I Jl>-j
JL^JI iJLis t ( _ r ^S'jlll jj JaJ.1 : (Proletariat) LjliJj^JI
577
ijJJcj: I JU- t jJ> O yCj
o ij\ jv-JL> y> cpOOb .£«ss>A.\ J o^j
jl jVjs <Jj IS .cii-l-4-i L» j-®j 1 4i_»_p <■ a^LLc-_? j-*
^ p ^yS" i-i_3 4-J *>» I y> I yj*-} ^
plx>J jl*_j i 1 Lww^>» * — LL^c
^ y>-\ JjL 1« jr-^-Lo^ (ii t L^Lo jl O 0 _Ov (J^jI
jL;_Jl 1_5-® ij-~-Sj^° l 'T J .ojjjj^l A-;wpl '. vO .H _^SI _^il
^ 3y J^- lo (LjbJjjJO JlO (^jJ jL 0-sUif-l ^ (1848)
iJLo-o»l ji\ iJLjaJl 1 j^-Ui>! bl Oj^u j%-pl J *■
Ja^jJl J_p 55 j->- : (Tanzimat) 55Uo*Jl oU~JiuJt
AjI_s^23 Jl*j C 4^L<*0*-)i 5J J jjl ^3
t jJ^>S' *» — a_v2_lJl ^3 t 5 j jL-^So^ I
c
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. j j ^_>-N I ^^Js^LwJl j Xw>cil x^p 4 XjI 0wL^_j
\o i j 4 _jj ^jo»xJ1 oLv^cJJ 1 5jj5 ^11 5Jj)XJl o^_^j>-Ij
o*Aool L<>5 ^l_v ^ -v3 ^1 1 a_5slo^ ^wA^Jl
.o^L^ljll 55kX ju^j ajXJjL- 1 XASkJl k^la>-j (j jJ!
^UJJ ^Jco* : (Lunar Society) 5-^UJI
^ LjU aj iplo/Jl JU- jj t>d *LJ-*J1 ^il ^
c L^J \ j-A-A CjJji x^-1 . 1 8 1 3 j 17 65
5_ijjdi (J,l o jXi-> I j3l5 UboL^i-pl o^! 1775 j»Lp cxij_pj
*)Lol5 I^jXj LoXlp . lg ..»,Ail^i ^3
OjU 0-3 J-P J-3 ijlXjl (^5s-> ^1 I jXL>c-i) l)| 5^w>- i ^ 1 i3 -S ■>
^L<o_aI ^1j .(5 js>-\ j 5_>l jl jlJJ! jl OojJL
jlSoN! 3^-^ cii °IXjo Jj t^L*Jt 1
o^*!)Lv£?l^iij t t ^0/2jd! ^3 o^LooS^il^ o- } LpljX>-'yi
578
: (Girondists) j^jJJ
Ll» I_^™S'Ij 1 4^Jjji)t o jjii\ ^ ojIj_v 2JI jlbb ^ I olS' jJ I
4-c-LoJ-I obl5 .X,j_ r J T \ <_^_ULiL^ Jjur | ^ 15 *_g_J_£.| jSf
i_5-® l _yb-A>j j>J I “ULjaJl ^JjLCj jb>tblj I j br-^bd.!
4- o~ l ? > S/1 4_jj^_lJl i — j j-^-1 Cj^~i Ij-^b ,4 _ a _^vJ obdaljiil
f*-4-^ £L/4Jl v-*"- 1 •'-Djj' ^ oljL~ilj ^b^Nlj ajjJ-I L» ipLilj
I^Uj (Dalton) j yJb j (Robespierre) ibUjj biUJl
(J-c- ^IXf-NL bry-'bj^.J-l f-L-c-jJl ^^JiJ j i(Marat)
.1793 |>Lp t_jl_*sj^/l j,_Sb~ d*}b- bil^Jl jL/abl J_*j 4I ./aSl l
jLL<, — >Lo : (Reign of Terror) ^S^>~
j-e>'Sll j-^b*J! jlSj .1793 ySjjJjyi 27 ib>l*Jl bobbJl <cJ>-
Lj oJ^-ly cjbb?- 4_^j>JJl ,b j. lo . .. ^ b j , 4 i
Jj 1 . 1 __ bjjjJl <4_U4 jv^-L; OjjW’jj IjjL 5 b/ bL^aJiiL
4. (Saint- Just.) jL^ 4^il*Jl 4j>l i_L >- j y^y^ijj 4 S > . ^ i
.(Desmoulins) ON c (H ebert) ^-^_.lj t (Danton) jjjblbj
^LijJlj ^UiJlj J-*- 4-tibJj jJl l^U_s_* ^ jlSj
.L I tObbsill ‘03U_> ^jjl J oj jjJl
4^b^jjJl bjjjJl 4j'J_*_X£.| jt-Jj-ibll t jj -L y> j-« £-«^bJl
'J -' & bjj2-U ^jJajJl ^_cji! i — -a 1 1 794 (jJj_> / j j_r 27)
.(J,bJl 4l_vaaiL jz~j t JJjxpli
b'L—b bpj_^ 4_, i jJ : (Decembrists) j
/JjS/1 OjbL5 26 ^j^JI (5jj_U ^ jJ-l
ojJljJ UL>- J jV! ^j-Sw 0hr*4 jj^ 4 J 1. 1825 /»1_p ^ . .. . s
^ > '
br“ x^s .i^UJ bJUa^JJj 1 Jj’yi jJJ^_SsJl
■ c^ 9 e>“^° ^blL c^jjjjyoj 4 .bUb
Jij (. 4 ^bjyj a^JjJ y^bJl : (Democracy)
579
j . la yg*>U (jU jJl J-v’Nl jV® L»L^t ; _^l-*1I l_4j^j<_JI
t S\ 4-1 ^3 k_^_*_jjl <LSjLiw« i-JIJjJcJI ^-w’l t jj-v2-*JI
i v K Jijjr j-o jl o j-£L» s jj-^ 2 -; M AJjjJl jj-^I Uj^c-
j ^?-l t Sj-LaxJ jl jl (_5^
4_~^L~~Jl juJsl jll (_jLaj-I t_S-L(- kJj_o_^JIj LaIJ-JIj oljL~iL)
.*LjI*~jNIj 4_u~lilj
LjU-I ^JiJl oL^rjj t_iiljil il£l : (Radicalism) iJLS^il ^Jl
0 jJlj C <U^fl>A11 jl A-w-^Lw^Jl jl L^ySOJl (jd" 1 ^^ (_5®
jl j-Ul j\ JI~upNL> jv-*do N o jjw2j
jl J^- _u51_JLj 4 j jio a 5 y>- : (Rationalism) S-J'jLLJl
jJajJl (jL^Jjll jjJadJl j-J L^-j 4-ajbM ^iLxjdS’N (J-vijjJl
(j j U ll iJL>jNl ' — JL^Ml N t (J-*-4-Jl *-sljJJ
‘“ >1 j l ji j - 1 ^3 ^ g ~ 1 1 !a_a la.) I f-LowL*_3l ^X-oJlpI^
jj jjjJI iS ( _ J i (_5 jj 3>J.I ^-£-^1 4 ~^ ' r ^ 1 4_«_iwLaJl
oLS' j_>JJ iL^i'iM j-LkjlIj t j_»Lp ^_jL^«JI jj-5-Sl ^-*- a
a . c U l * ll ojLp^jJI ^_p I~l*_*_j c A-j3l.,.,i’? - 1^ 4 _^ai Lw*~-i I j j! I
.aj^^j^LI 4-sax-^JI^ A^LiidJ! wV-JlJjJl^
■>1 ..^:iVl pL<J_p a_pL^ : (Physiocrats)
j^ollJl j j-iJI ^y 3 (_)LJl 1 — L^dJl ^3 ^j^ddJl \S y>A a ^jjjjldil
t(jv^_«_^l jdLJil <C^>j) " <*.... M l j»-SM (J-P CjJ-»-1pI . jJ^f-
(_jJl!I ^ySL-ilSlJ.I ^3j^»dJlj ' L ^IL*-JI oLj-iij
iaLjJl Jj> A^^x-JaJl 'j-^J^-J •(>'— =r^' i5jJ-
‘U/sLixjj (. ^^x>cil oLoJii-lj £j-jyj (_53Lv2^3Nlj ^>-ljj^!l
>
LoUa^jj J> c_jjJ-l /ojlil j jJli '.(Corn Law) SjDl
p i U 5 l l iL^JI jL*-~o'Vl ^LLi jl (J-p 4Ji3L>t_o-U 1815 |»Lp
580
tjjjliJl \jjb ( 1 j yi~\ i_jL ££.] ^
jjp J'Ai*- 4 AJs AS oLo-LcJl J JlpI jiJlj
,J taol^l j tULit yuJ\ L* U^J cJtf til N/l
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(J s iliol ^ is>- jiS^l pj* ^Jlvail ^Uw5 1 jlS j
Jl JaiL>J.I pljjjJl l _ r ~oj £LJS[ ^ jUil ^J-sl ol J,1 j jJUJl
.1848 flc- 4UJI ^
(Medieval /Mediaeval /Middle 4..Ja...^ j j_aJl / ^U .- ^ II jj ^_2J|
^ t t yJ! ibx*jd! J^l jit 4_JjJ-l oJuss J_Lc : Ages)
ur*J oljjil 4j»l*Jl ^cjjLJI
jjiJl ^ t-L^Uo
*—■ , 'A-o-:i-l 14--_>I J^jJl A_ ; _Ss_lil 4_<i_i2_i '/ \j (JjjJl j»L^3j 4 (_£.2*}\_J.I
Lgj-oj <. Jj jJ-Ij jt-jAiJl (jJ.L*Jl ^ ^fjjj^t ajjLojc^'VIj ijUuSix^oNl
i^i^l y> ^yS o i^XaJ I oiUs> Oi^l J
t <3 jJjl ^ SjL>Jl jj t dll .15 ojJ^Vl
. A^-wiall ^yS <tol*w^/ 1 AS^}\ jj y,^ 4 ASj\s^~j j j*]\ j J. ^ to ^
jjj^axJl o_^i ,_yij ojU^Jl ^yj jljJa : (Gothic) £yfc> jiJI
ijliJl Ojiit ia^>ljl ^ i^jjAJl LjjjI ^ L~J ji jU_Ji LD
^ la 4 Lw^o JJS ; J-w^Jo . jJls 0 j^Jt i Jal^t ^1 j^ls
-^4-lt (_5^ L«-S" 4 Oj_w_$Dl oJi—a-f-'yij iot j_o_*ji
q oUUJlj ^L^>-! <LoL>t«v2j ^ t<i>-^LJi j^-vsJUlj
dr 0 t iJ J-*il j 1 J-JLjjJlj i-jjjJl ol> jJDl
581
jjjai i a .,a-» I (SanS-CUlottes) j jJ
jUI I j.S' ^jJl ^ _r 2 - 2 -^ A*'
< )! ji-\ j j_L>^ J jl I jjlS' i j_p ^UjJJ L*Jjuj
4 JL-J 2 JI jl c <U J>\ 4_i_^L*Jl Aj3^]g..ll C-jLj j-UaJj jj-L)jjj 4 -Lj j) l a l l
a jJiS’ tjj y ■iT~r‘ J^ 2 -’ i_r^ J*^J
Jl?-! ^L^Jt jl J-A (.OjjjJl jjL*Jl U iyy*
.Li j 1 *~j ^3 ^y Ajb^jUl *up olS y>-\ ^y
A yA I aS y- j\ 4jLJLs : (Liberalism) SJl j-JLlI
J 4 1 *l l ■ /i" 3 j/ 1 a <UfrLj^>-j|l J t _5 3
c ^c-j^LAl ^*_p ) j^AlA I lA-& ^jjP Oj l-J^j I ^ C[^jVjA_*Al
oL^jNI ! 4_wMAij 4 _*_jjI jli 1 jLcj
^Al 4jLA_*Jl 0 jjp- jJt j g-gjJlj (.ioL.^j^/1 Ap^AIj cj^AaJIj
.iljjJl J JjjJl J^2Jl)l (jj t (_£ j^“l J J-A aL?* ^ t (_plA>'
jj Sj^ aAIp iJU-l [(Freemasons) ( jl jjJ^~-lll
La> j j -° 3 iy^ <2_i I 'yi L^jLs<2_pI j^s-
(jjVl L^LIAj jl AJiAju . " jjyllJl 11 ^xJi l$-[Ax>^u t Lajj^ojJ
OjJLljl *J t j-JLp 0 J-Al Jyj jj'lll ^ J-^Jl ^3 I ^lL>r_>l ^ ClolA
jj^S ^*“^1 jlUJl p A>-jlj aAL<>~jAI L$*j-woI^ AjjjI
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c ^£s>r^Lij OjAUI °_^ J ^ A^-Ao^j c I^jIS”
a^oUjjl^NI j Ajbl^JI cJJMl (J_p ^ ^ ^ > A 3 c Jj^jjlL j
jS>-*)l I (jl ^jCjj c ^L>cjJl (jp I oJ-pA^jj
jl jJLi-*_j j .ol jLjJI j j j}\ l j~a Lg-A-^ i-jjL*jLo ijjjAaJwo (jj
^3 ^ILJI ?-Lj>c_>I ^3 jj-* jJl^ ci^l^LwiJl blJ-p|
. ACsJlj AojL^vAI /jj^bo
^1 olp^^il (jjl [(Encyclopedic) ((^JLujJ5LmJ^|I) apj^^I)
582
^°^/l cjl L^Jp ( _jAi^l .Lvj ^3 C-J
0 dictionnaire raisonne des science, des <J jJ~ I j 4 j j-. i\ \j 4 ^JL»_Li
L^j jJ-v ? j arts et des metiers)
-1751 Ijibf
^-Lll ‘^yf ^ Lk—<U>- .1780
ir° 5 j ^ (*-4—' oj^Jl ^NjJI J^i Oy»JL*jdl
jL>- . <j-« ^LaJIj ^
<• (i^J- 5 4 (Voltaire) y 4 (Jean Jacques Rousseau) j _^ jj
( _r“*’ cJj l^i -dy^-ij^j tjs-jjj jl 4 4 .ilL JjjjS -
• J— * — Q — a L ^— — * — ]! — >- 1 — ^.1 — 4 p jj. 1
44_wuL ; _^J!j c 1 I ^jLlJIj t { yj jJl j c4_A-wJwiJlj
♦ j tc_JaJlj l V | j
^ oJ a-^Jj c^oli 0 ^ 3 -^ aJLv-p IS y>- : (Chartists) jj^JliJ.1
o^JUl JjVl c^L^jJI ^3 LiUaj iJLkll
^ 1838 ^Lp t Lg_^-^ 1 1
oLUnjol pI^>-Jj t jj_SjJ| j_>-j (, j_oLwv^
(J^->-jJ J& ySi P-LxJ J L C->l*_UlJiil ^ j C <Lo LL y>
^S jJ >~ I pLs hS' Ks l l—o ! jj ^33^ <.
t (J L»^_P t ‘^LoLxJl 4 a . L? \\ JpL^jI ^3
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^ oUlpjJl ^jLs^Jj iwi^l jil ^ >jL/?j cJJcua .1
.1848 ^»Ip LajL^. 1 Jl 03I 4 ^?- ya ol>^ yS> LJ
L^w^l 4 c j>c- : -vs^ 5 (i^u5 jl) iijll? : (Methodism) 4 j3jJlII
4p-LjI ^ t ( 1793—1703) (John Wesley) j ^>- jlkjjJl
! 4_j2_>UaJ| O-vWj ^3 (ji-S" ^ yi O.JLwO*^\3J
‘ ^i^ji ji ^\
583
ACob^jj^Jl 1^x3 j ojpj J jJJ.3 ^jS (jJjjE/O t l§-3
LgJlP OpjIS j}\ 5JLj^-S!I Ap4 4-0 jJuil jr~^J -j7j-5 if J^“°
.(Church of English) AjJpjjfl <L~cS^I
,jjJl ^yljjJl ^SUil j^So-l ^Uil : (Ancien regime) ^j4a!I ^>UaJl
. 1789 j»li p a~-J yii\ oj _ji!l Ail ^ja>- jj ji 5 Jj«J L Jji y Ujli olS
4^5li-l oULiajl j (iSlijT yLf- ^iLJl ( _ r ojj) dJill Alio-; jlSj
lj_& ^lJu>*ccwo! .4 --w-jjxJ 1 Uaj ')! \j ^ «/? j al-_j1o
4-o l ^ ^.n.-^--v- lx { Lp aJ jl — CJ 0--3 1 *. JU ^ — Ci-o C3— ^ ( 4 1 «Aj>CC^ 1 ^clkvai 1
. " osUl "
SjjjJ! iC-xJLiaJl coLpLoJj : (Jacobins) 5_JL*Jl
1789 a Lp ^ g "7 (j -L-p I^j IS” jl ^v-*-** jl 1 1 -1^ 1 y - AaaC 1
1 y±-A .^vjjl) jlSjc~a^-dl 4_ol*JJ Axj jjl 0 j_oj!l -Xp-1 ^3 0
acJ^ ^J l *c%x_opl“l ^3 aJIp -LpLas ^p O jl t— — ?
j»Loj cJ y ^Jl AolxJl AojCvJl AOf- *Ux^>jC| ^3 ~‘J j! ~ u . ^J-*-^J
<.JL^i (^jJI (Reign of Terror) "i_jUjj|l dj^- L^fS" jjxjl I
j^oL-Jl [_yi j-$ liilil j»lJ-pl t LiL>w2-Il ^J'iSh oI^-JLp 4.L?- ^
jo^^_p 4-1 pLo^pj^ <. d_* 42 _fill ^-p 1? > 1 jCj a5\_111 j_*Cp
(_jLlp1 4 1 . /-> al l c~> y>- jl JL*_> 4_oL*Jl J...fl.p .A-jlxdJ jv~~3ld.l
C-JlS A3 jiixll AjjjjJl Ajjj^-opM AolxJl £-jj jl J~f- .LpLj j^^JUpP j
t Ljj^l ^3 AA>-jUl a^pI^jppNIj a**»C^J 1 c^LS^Tl y> ^ [ _^Ao
.1870 j 1848 1 1830 oljjj
584
Books
Adams, William Edwin. Memoirs of a Social Atom. London:
Hutchinson and Co., 1903. 2 vols.
Agthe, Adolf. Ursprung und huge der Landarbeiter in Livland.
Tubingen: H. Laupp, 1909. (Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte
Staatswissenschaft Erganzungsheft XXIX)
Armytage, W. H. G. A Social History of Engineering, [n. p.: n. pb.],
1961 .
Baines, Edward. History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great
Britain; with a Notice oj its Early History in the East, and in
all the Quarters of the Globe. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher
and P. Jackson, [1835].
Baker, F. First Lecture on Co-Operation. [Bolton: n. pb., 1830],
Batho, Edith C. The Later Wordsworth. New York: The
Macmillan Company; Cambridge, Eng.: The University
Press, 1933.
Baylee, John Tyrrell. Statistics and Facts in Reference to the Lord’s
Day. London: Seeleys, 1852.
Beauvilliers, Antoine. L’Art du cuisinier. Paris: Pilet, 1814. 2 vols.
Biedermann, Karl. Vorlesungen iiber Socialismus und Sociale
Fragen. Leipzig: [n. pb.], 1847.
585
Billingsley, John. General View of the Agriculture of the County oj
Somerset. Second Edition. Bath: Printed by R. Cruttwell,
1798.
Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia, from the Ninth to the
Nineteenth Century. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University
Press, 1961.
Bodart, Gaston and Vernon Lyman Kellogg. Losses of Life in
Modern Wars: Austria-Hungary; France; Military Selection
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Boerne, Ludwig. Gesammelte SchriJ'len.
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Briggs, Asa. Chartist Studies. London: Macmillan; New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1959.
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Bruun, Geoffrey. Europe and the French Imperium, 1799-1814.
New York; London: Harper and Brothers, 1938. (The Rise of
Modern Europe)
Cameron, Rondo Emmett. France and the Economic Development
of Europe 1800-1914; Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War.
Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Capefigue, M. Histoire des grandes operations financier es; banques,
bourses, emprunts, compagnies industrielles. Paris: Amyot,
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Vol. IV: Compagnies industrielles et commercials, canaux,
pants, chemins de fer, credits fonder et mobilier, depuis le
moyen age jusqu’a nos jours.
Carlsson, Sten Carl Oscar. Stdndssamhdlle Och Standspersoner ,
1700-1865: Studier Rorande det Svenska Standssamhdllets
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Chabert, Alexandre. Essai sur les mouvements des prix et des
revenus en France. 1798-1820. Paris: Librairie de medicis,
1949.
Chavannes, Alexandre Andre Cesar. Essai sur /’education intellec-
tue.lle, avec le projet d’une science nouvelle. Lausanne: Impr.
de I. Hignou, 1787.
Cherubini, Arnaldo. Dottrime e metodi assistenziali dal 1789 al
1848. Milano: Giuffre, 1958.
Chevalier, Louis. Classes la.korie.uses et classes dangereuses d Paris
pendant la premiere moitie du XI Xe siecle. Paris: Plon, 1958.
(Civilisations d’hier et d’aujourd’hui)
Chlapowski, Alfred. La Fayette et la Pologne, 1830-1834:
Centenaire de la mort du general La Fayette celebre d la
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fexposition par M. Czeslaw Chowaniec; allocution de M.
Altred de Chlapowski; conference de M. Felix Ponteil; textes
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d’imprimerie et d’edition, 1934.
Clapham, John ffarold. An Economic History of Modern Britain.
Cambridge: The University Press, 1926-1938. 3 vols.
Clark, George Norman. The Idea of the Industrial Revolution.
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Clegg, James. A Chronological History of Bolton, [n. p: n pb
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Cole, George Douglas Howard. Attempts at General Union.
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587
and A. W. Filson. British Working Class Movements, Select
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Craig, Gordon A. The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945.
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1806-1813. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1958. 2
vols.
Dal Pane, Luigi. Storia del lavoro in Italia dagli inizi del secolo
XVIII al 1815. Milan: [n. pb.], 1958.
Daumas, Maurice (ed.). Histoire de la science. [Paris: Gallimard,
1957]. (Encyclopedic de la pleiade; 5)
Dautry, Jean. 1848 et la II ieme repuhlique. [n. p.: n. pb., 1848].
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The Age of Capital , The Age of Empire ,
The Age of Extremes , The Age of
Revolution , Bandits , Industry and
Empire , Labouring Men, Primitive
Rebels , and Worlds of Labour.
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THE
AGE OF
REVOLUTION
1789 - 1848
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ERIC HOBSBAWM
II I S lO K Y O I Cl VI I « / A TIMS
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